CBSE Notes Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 - Development

Namaste, in this lecture you will learn about development from social science  from your class 10 based on NCERT textbook

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The term “development” refers to a country’s overall progress. 

Freedom, participation, economic equality, security, a dignified life, and a decent standard of living are only a few examples.

The different perspectives on development are often contradictory. The following two components of development are depicted in this diagram.

(i) Individuals may have distinct developmental objectives.

(ii) One person’s development may not be the same as another’s. It could even be harmful to others.

For example, industrialists desire additional dams to meet their electrical needs, yet dams displace local communities, submerge forestland, and perhaps damage the entire biological system.

Income and Other Goals

  1. Income seems to be the most crucial component of progress since it allows people to purchase products and services. People also want equal treatment, freedom, education, security, work respect, peace, and a clean environment, among other factors.
  2. As a result, people consider a variety of goals when considering development, and developmental goals include both economic progress and improved quality of life.

National Development

  1. Individuals have diverse aims in mind, and their motivations for national growth are likely to differ as well. For example, a farmer wishes India to grow in one manner, a trader wants it to develop in another, and a teacher wants it to develop in a kind of.
  2. Giving priority to national development goals that benefit a great amount of people.



Comparison of  Countries or States

Countries are categorised as developed, underdeveloped, or developing based on their level of development.

 

Comparison Through National Income

National income, often known as total revenue, is the sum of all of the country’s people’ earnings during a duration of time. Developed countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan, have higher overall incomes.

  1. However, because countries have diverse populations, comparing total earnings can not reveal the average amount made by an individual.

 

Comparison Through Per Capita Income

Per income per capita allows for a more accurate comparison. It is computed by multiplying a country’s total income (GDP) by its total population. It’s also known as median income.

Comparison Through National Income

National income, often known as total revenue, is the sum of all of the country’s people’ earnings during a duration of time. Developed countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan, have higher overall incomes.

  1. However, because countries have diverse populations, comparing total earnings can not reveal the average amount made by an individual.

Comparison Through Per Capita Income

Per income per capita allows for a more accurate comparison. It is computed by multiplying a country’s total income (GDP) by its total population. It’s also known as median income.

World Bank Report on Per Capita Income

Every year, the World Bank produces the World Development Report (WDR), which compares countries based on per capita growth.

The bank has classified the countries as follows

 

(i) Rich countries are defined as those with a PCI of US $ 12,056 per year or above in 2017.

(i) Low-income countries are defined as those with a PCI of US $ 955 or less.

India’s per average spending in 2017 was around US $ 1820, making it a lower – middle income country.

Income and Other Criteria

Apart from wealth, other factors should be considered when assessing a country’s or region’s development level. To grasp this, consider a comparison of three states: Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar from distinct perspectives.

Some Comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

State

Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 (2016)

Literacy Rate (%) (2001)

Net Attendance Ratio for Class I-V (2013-2014))

Per capita income for 2015-16

(₹)

Haryana

33

82

61

1,62,034

Kerala

10

94

83

1,40,190

Bihar

38

62

43

31,454

Various characteristics of development can be derived from the comparison table as follows:

(i)  Haryana has the highest per capita while Bihar has the lowest. This suggests that employment opportunities and earnings potential are limited in Bihar.

(ii)  Kerala has the lowest IMR, whereas Bihar has the highest. A high IMR indicates that healthcare facilities are inadequate, and a high per capita income does not imply better healthcare.

(iii) Kerala has the greatest literacy rate, while Bihar has the lowest.

(iv) Kerala has the greatest net attendance rate, while Bihar has the lowest.

These factors suggest that per capita income is not the ideal criterion for determining development, but that other basic amenities and quality of life are as important and must be adequately accounted for.

Some Comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

State

Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 (2016)

Literacy Rate (%) (2001)

Net Attendance Ratio for Class I-V (2013-2014))

Per capita income for 2015-16

(₹)

Haryana

33

82

61

1,62,034

Kerala

10

94

83

1,40,190

Bihar

38

62

43

31,454

 

Various characteristics of development can be derived from the comparison table as follows:

 

(i)  Haryana has the highest per capita while Bihar has the lowest. This suggests that employment opportunities and earnings potential are limited in Bihar.

(ii)  Kerala has the lowest IMR, whereas Bihar has the highest. A high IMR indicates that healthcare facilities are inadequate, and a high per capita income does not imply better healthcare.

(iii) Kerala has the greatest literacy rate, while Bihar has the lowest.

(iv) Kerala has the greatest net attendance rate, while Bihar has the lowest.

These factors suggest that per capita income is not the ideal criterion for determining development, but that other basic amenities and quality of life are as important and must be adequately accounted for.

Public Facilities

More money or a higher average income may not guarantee you a better life. It cannot purchase a pollution-free environment, pure medicines, or disease protection.

 

As a result, public facilities such as primary and secondary schools, healthcare, and hygiene are essential for living.

Public Distribution System

Some states, such as Tamil Nadu, want a Public Distribution System (PDS) for distributing food to poor rural people, even though Jharkhand will not.

In Tamil Nadu, 75% of people living in rural regions use a ration shop, whereas only 8% of rural residents in Jharkhand are allowed to use it.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

  1. Another crucial part of development is nutrition. A benchmark known as the Body Mass Index (BMI) is used around the world to evaluate whether or not an adult is malnourished.
  2. BMI is a ratio that is calculated by dividing a person’s weight by the square of his or her height.
  3. BMI = Weight in kg/(height in metres) 2 .
  4. A person is undernourished if their BMI is less than 18.5, and overweight if it is greater than 25. For example, if a 1.65 m tall adult’s weight is less than 50.5 kg, the person is deemed undernourished.
  5. When a person’s weight exceeds 68 kg, though, they are labelled overweight. This criterion does not apply to youngsters who are still growing.

Best Method to Measure Development

One of the greatest methods for measuring development is the UNDP’s Human Development Report.

The report makes comparisons across countries based on three criteria:

  1.  Living standard (Per Capita Income) 
  2. Health status (Life expectancy) 
  3. Educational levels of the people (Literacy rate and Enrollment ratio)

In HDR 2018, India is ranked 130th. To quantify human progress, the Human Development Index (HDI) takes into account public health, education, poverty level, inequality, and environmental factors.

Economic development has been achieved at the expense of natural resources and the environment in both developed and developing countries.

Excessive mining of iron, gold, silver, or coal, as well as crude oil extraction, for example, depletes the stock of these resources. Environmental pollution is caused by smoke and other toxic substances generated by factories.

Problems with water and air pollution are harming people’s lives and will continue to do so in the future.

Our mishandling of natural resources will lead to environmental degradation that will extend beyond national and state borders. The emphasis now is on environmental sustainability, which allows us to use resources wisely.

Sustainability is a new concept that refers to the wise use of natural resources by keeping consumption to a bare minimum so that new generations can benefit.

The following are some examples of environmental degradation

 

(i) Groundwater in India – Overuse and expanding urban settlements are contributing to the depletion of groundwater supplies in Punjab, West U.P., and Central and South India’s hard rock plateau. India’s groundwater resources have decreased by 40%.


(ii) Exhaustion Of Natural Resources – According to the June 2018 issue of World Energy Review, the world’s total crude oil reserves will last only 50 years since countries are rapidly depleting their oil supplies and alternative energy sources are still not adequately developed.

Groundwater in India – Overuse and expanding urban settlements are contributing to the depletion of groundwater supplies in Punjab, West U.P., and Central and South India’s hard rock plateau. India’s groundwater resources have decreased by 40%.

Exhaustion Of Natural Resources – According to the June 2018 issue of World Energy Review, the world’s total crude oil reserves will last only 50 years since countries are rapidly depleting their oil supplies and alternative energy sources are still not adequately developed.

SOLVED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

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NCERT SOLVED QUESTIONS

2. Why do different persons have different notions
of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.

or

Developmental goals are differing goals also. Explain with an example. (CCE 2014)

Ans. Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different. Development goals of a girl from a rich urban family will be surely different from a farmer in Rajasthan. It is because their situations, lifestyle and status are very different from each other. A goal of a person is something, which is entirely dependent on his or her present life situation. Over a period of time, if the situation changes, automatically the goals of a person will also change.

3. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.

(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.

Ans. Yes, these two statements mean almost the same, as different persons could have different as well as conflicting developmental goals. For instance, to get electricity industrialises may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as Tribals.

4. Give some examples where factors other than  income are important-aspects of our lives.
Ans. Though income is one of the most important aspects of our lives, but there are other important factors also such. As

(i) People also seek things like equal treatment,
freedom, security and respect.·
(ii) Women need safe and secure environment to
take up a variety of jobs or to run a business.
(iii) People also need political rights.
(iv) People seek a pollution-free environment.

5. Explain some of the important ideas of the section (income and other goals) in your own words.

Ans. The section is based on the income and the goals of the people. Here, besides seeking more income, people sometimes seek things like equal treatment, freedom, respect and security. People have important goals as above. The Factor on which life depends, is money or income, but the quality of our life depends on non-material things.

6. Look at the picture given below. What should be the developmental goals for such an area?

Ans. The developmental goals for the area such as shown in the picture should varies in two aspects.
One aspect should be that of people residing in flats, so-called affluent people and second aspect would be as par the perspective of slum dwellers or people residing in small hut.
For people residing in flats of multistorey building, the developmental goals would be proper space and playground for their children, security, better schooling facilities, parking space, aesthetic locality, etc.
While slum dwellers would be expecting better houses with the help of government loans, ownership of land for themselves, and availability of basic necessary services like electricity, water and sanitation. Ideal way for development of locality wouldbe mixed-up developmental goals benefiting both communities without curtailing rights and interest of any Community.

Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow

A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea.
This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa.
The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea, etc. After a month, seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty-six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. ·

A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals has contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.
(1) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?

Ans. (t) Those who dumped the toxic waste have benefited while the people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast were not benefitted, rather we can say they suffered.
(it) Pollution free environment should be developmental goal for this country.

8. What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?

Ans. Sanitation, security, better education, healthcare facilities, etc are developmental goals for our locality.

9. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.

Ans. Average income of two countries, average speed of two vehicles over a distance, average height of the students in two different classes of a school.

10. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.

Ans. It is an important criterion because it tells us what an average person is likely to earn and also gives some idea about the rising standard of living. Prosperity of a country depends not only on its income but also on the number of people who would share it. In case, the number of people is large, the average income will be less. This is the case in India.

1. Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?

Ans. Not only per capita income but also homogeneity or equity of performance should be reflected while comparing two or more societies. If a society has higher per capita income but much of its income is with a small group, then it cannot reflect the development of the society.Similarly, when a society has little less per capita income but inequality is quite less and almost all sections of the society contribute to the income, it reflects inclusiveness and real development.In economic term, inequality index is called gini index. So, along with per capita income, gini index is an important factor in comparing two or more societies.

12. Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.

Ans. All sections of the economy have become better cannot be concluded because different sections of the economy may have become better or worse. An example is the current situation in India, where the average income has increased every year; the services sector has increased very much, but agriculture is having virtually no growth.

13. Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do or achieve, to become a developed country.

Ans. Some necessary steps should be taken as
(t) Modernisation of agriculture is necessary.
(iz) Industry sector should be encouraged.
(iit) Export oriented industries should be increased.
(iv) Service sector should create more employment.
Again, only per capita income is not a satisfactory
factor to become a developed country. Better
quality of life should be ensured.
Some sections should be necessarily improved in this aspect like
(t) Improvement in health sector i.e. primary health,etc.
(iz) Improvement in education sector i.e. cent per cent literacy rate should be achieved.
Improvement in average income along with ensuring that high quality of life can only put India in the list of developed countries.

14. Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?

Ans. No, it does not depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities. It is community participation or public cooperation that are relevant in fulfilling these demands.

15. In Tamil Nadu, 75 per c_ent of the people living in rural
areas use a ration shop, whereas in Jharkhand only 8 per cent of rural people do so. Where would people be better off and why?

Ans. People are better off in Tamil Nadu because the ration shops are properly functioning and provide basic public assistance to rural people.

16.Study the data given below in the table and answer the
questions that follow

(1) Which state has the highest Infant Mortality Rate?
(ii) Why this state has the highest Infant Mortality Rate?

Give two reasons.
Ans. (i) Bihar has the highest Infant Mortality Rate.
(ii) This can be due to many reasons like poor healthcare facilities (few government hospitals or dispensaries in the rural areas), less education of the people, so that they are not able to care for their children properly and less availability of food at subsidised prices through the Public Distribution System (PDS), so that the nutritional level of children from poor families is low.

17. Study the table carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For this, you may need to make calculations based on the table.

(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is– for rural males and — for rural females. However, it is not just that
these many adults could not attend schools but that there are — who
are currently not in school.
(b) It is clear from the table that — of
rural girls and — of rural boys are not attending schools. Therefore,
illiteracy among children in the age group 10-14 is as high as — for
rural females and – for rural males.
(c) This high level of illiteracy among– age group, even after more than60 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also,we are nowhere near realisation of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children
up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.
(a) 76 %, 54 %, 15 % males and 18 %females
(b) 15 %, 18 %, 13 %, 10 %
(c) 10-14

 

1. Development of a country can generally be determined by

Ans
(a) its per capita income
(b) its average literacy level
(c) health status of its people
(d) All the above
Ans. (d) All the above

2. Which of the following neighbouring countries of India has better
performance in terms of human development than India?

(a) Bangladesh (b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal (d) Pakistan
Ans. (b) Sri Lanka

3 Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is , 5,000. If the income of three families is, 4,000, ~ 7,000 and~ 3,000 respectively, what is the income
of the fourth family?

(a) ~ 7,500 (b) ~ 3,000
(c) ? 2,000 (d) ? 6,000

Ans. (d) Total income of four families
= 5,000 X 4 = ~ 20,000
T otal income of three families
= 4,000 + 7,000 + 3,000 = 14000
Income of the fourth family
= 20,000 – 14,000 = ~ 6,000

4. What is the main criterion used by World Bank
in classifying different countries?

Ans. The World Bank uses the criterion of per capita income for classifying countries.Countries with per capita income of US$ 955 or less were classified as low income countries. Countries With per capita income between US $ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017 classified as high income countries.

5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
CBSE 2015, 11
Or

Differentiate between UNDP report and World Bank report. Why is UNDP report more reliable of the two? CBSE 2015

Ans. The World Bank uses only one criterion, the per capita income. But the UNDP uses many criteria which include per capita income, health status
(meaning life expectancy at birth) and education
(which include literacy rate and gross enrollment
ratio in schools).

6. Why do we use average? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Ans. While taking total income as comparison, it is the
total population that makes variation and big countries have always higher value than smaller countries. So, average is taken to measure the level of improvement. Average income shows per capita
income that is the average income of a citizen. It Gives an edge over counting total income.Limitations of average incomeAverage value has its limitations as it avoids/neglects inequality. So, the real situation of improvement is not reflected. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities.Illustration related to developmentConsider two countries-A and B. For the sake of
simplicity, we have assumed that they have only five citizens each. Based on the data given in the table,let us calculate_ the average income for both the Countries. The average income is same but in country, an income is more evenly distributed so people are
neither too rich nor too poor. But in Country B only one person is rich while others are very poor. So average income does not tell us how the income is distributed.With keeping these factors in mind along with per capita income, Kerala is better than Maharashtra.

7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking thanMaharashtra. Hence, the per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree?Discuss

.Ans. No, I do not agree that mean income or per capita
income should not be used to compare states.However other factors like Infant Mortality Rate,Literacy Rate and Net Attendance Ratio are also very crucial for overall human development.With keeping these factors in mind alongwith per capita income, Kerala is better than
Maharashtra.

8. Find out the present sources of energy used by_the people in India. What could be the possibilities fifty years from now?

Ans. Present sources of energy used by people in India are
coal, cow dung, kerosene oil, petroleum, natural gas,
LPG, electricity, etc.Fifty years from now, there is a possibility that
people will be making more use of non-conventional
sources of energy, nuclear energy, wind energy,hydro-energy etc.

9 Why is the issue of sustainability important for development ?

Ans. Sustainability for development or sustainable
development refers to development which takes place without damaging the environment. The issue of sustainability is important for development because it should not compromise on the needs of future
generations, otherwise it is meaningless.Currently, reckless exploitation of non-renewable natural resources is going on. Since, the stock of natural resources like oil and minerals is limited,development should not take place at the cost of these scarce natural resources, as they are not renewable in the near future.

10 “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not’ enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”.

How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Ans. This statement implies that human ·beings are overusing the natural resources of the Earth in the name of development.
Earth provides enough resources to meet the needs of all, but human beings have become so greedy that for his
progress and development, he resorts to activities like deforestation, using unsustainable fuelwood and fodder
extraction, shifting cultivation encroachment into forest lands, indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals, extraction of
groundwater in excess of recharge capacity etc.

11 List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Ans- The few examples of environmental degradation that have been observed are
(i) Soil erosion
(ii) Water pollution by use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides
(iii) Groundwater depletion
(iv) Air pollution and noise pollution by vehicles and factories
(v) Felling of trees
(vi) Garbage dumps

12 For each of the items given in table, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

Data
(a) Per Capita Income Sri Lanka Nepal
(b) Life Expectancy at Birth Sri Lanka Pakistan
(c) HDI Rank in the World Sri Lanka Pakistan

13 The following table shows the proportion of adults (15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI < 18.5kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and
answer the following questions.

Ans (i) Kerala has less percentage of people who are undernourished as compared to Madhya Pradesh. This means people are able to ful fill their food requirement
(ii) There is enough food in the country but even then One fifth of the people in the country are undernourished because of the following reasons
(a) There is a lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So, many people remain backward and poor, and so, they are unable to get nutritious food.
(b) In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get food items at cheap rates so they remain undernourished.

1 Development of an individual refers to

(a) mental development
(b} physical development
(c} spiritual development
(d) overall development
Ans. (d)

2 Development goal for landless agricultural labour is

(a) high prices for crops
(b) more days of work
(c) cheap labour
(d) pollution free environment
Ans. (b)

14. Does availability of good health and educational facilities
depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?

Ans. No, it is not only determined by the amount of money spent by the government on these facilities. Community engagement or public collaboration are important in meeting these expectations.

multiple choice questions - 1 marks

Namaste, in this lecture you will learn about development from social science  from your class 10 based on NCERT textbook

To get study material for this chapter please visit our website

Also, you can purchase printed books and soft copies from Amazon or Flipkart 

If you have any questions or queries please feel free to contact us by calling or sending us a message on WhatsApp on the number given on the screen

short questions - 2-3 marks

Namaste, in this lecture you will learn about development from social science  from your class 10 based on NCERT textbook

To get study material for this chapter please visit our website

Also, you can purchase printed books and soft copies from Amazon or Flipkart 

If you have any questions or queries please feel free to contact us by calling or sending us a message on WhatsApp on the number given on the screen

long questions - 5 marks

Namaste, in this lecture you will learn about development from social science  from your class 10 based on NCERT textbook

To get study material for this chapter please visit our website

Also, you can purchase printed books and soft copies from Amazon or Flipkart 

If you have any questions or queries please feel free to contact us by calling or sending us a message on WhatsApp on the number given on the screen

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