2. Why do different persons have different notions
of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.

or

Developmental goals are differing goals also. Explain with an example. (CCE 2014)

Ans. Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different. Development goals of a girl from a rich urban family will be surely different from a farmer in Rajasthan. It is because their situations, lifestyle and status are very different from each other. A goal of a person is something, which is entirely dependent on his or her present life situation. Over a period of time, if the situation changes, automatically the goals of a person will also change.

3. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.

(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.

Ans. Yes, these two statements mean almost the same, as different persons could have different as well as conflicting developmental goals. For instance, to get electricity industrialises may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as Tribals.

4. Give some examples where factors other than  income are important-aspects of our lives.
Ans. Though income is one of the most important aspects of our lives, but there are other important factors also such. As

(i) People also seek things like equal treatment,
freedom, security and respect.·
(ii) Women need safe and secure environment to
take up a variety of jobs or to run a business.
(iii) People also need political rights.
(iv) People seek a pollution-free environment.

5. Explain some of the important ideas of the section (income and other goals) in your own words.

Ans. The section is based on the income and the goals of the people. Here, besides seeking more income, people sometimes seek things like equal treatment, freedom, respect and security. People have important goals as above. The Factor on which life depends, is money or income, but the quality of our life depends on non-material things.

6. Look at the picture given below. What should be the developmental goals for such an area?

Ans. The developmental goals for the area such as shown in the picture should varies in two aspects.
One aspect should be that of people residing in flats, so-called affluent people and second aspect would be as par the perspective of slum dwellers or people residing in small hut.
For people residing in flats of multistorey building, the developmental goals would be proper space and playground for their children, security, better schooling facilities, parking space, aesthetic locality, etc.
While slum dwellers would be expecting better houses with the help of government loans, ownership of land for themselves, and availability of basic necessary services like electricity, water and sanitation. Ideal way for development of locality wouldbe mixed-up developmental goals benefiting both communities without curtailing rights and interest of any Community.

Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow

A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea.
This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa.
The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea, etc. After a month, seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty-six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. ·

A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals has contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.
(1) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?

Ans. (t) Those who dumped the toxic waste have benefited while the people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast were not benefitted, rather we can say they suffered.
(it) Pollution free environment should be developmental goal for this country.

8. What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?

Ans. Sanitation, security, better education, healthcare facilities, etc are developmental goals for our locality.

9. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.

Ans. Average income of two countries, average speed of two vehicles over a distance, average height of the students in two different classes of a school.

10. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.

Ans. It is an important criterion because it tells us what an average person is likely to earn and also gives some idea about the rising standard of living. Prosperity of a country depends not only on its income but also on the number of people who would share it. In case, the number of people is large, the average income will be less. This is the case in India.

1. Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?

Ans. Not only per capita income but also homogeneity or equity of performance should be reflected while comparing two or more societies. If a society has higher per capita income but much of its income is with a small group, then it cannot reflect the development of the society.Similarly, when a society has little less per capita income but inequality is quite less and almost all sections of the society contribute to the income, it reflects inclusiveness and real development.In economic term, inequality index is called gini index. So, along with per capita income, gini index is an important factor in comparing two or more societies.

12. Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.

Ans. All sections of the economy have become better cannot be concluded because different sections of the economy may have become better or worse. An example is the current situation in India, where the average income has increased every year; the services sector has increased very much, but agriculture is having virtually no growth.

13. Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do or achieve, to become a developed country.

Ans. Some necessary steps should be taken as
(t) Modernisation of agriculture is necessary.
(iz) Industry sector should be encouraged.
(iit) Export oriented industries should be increased.
(iv) Service sector should create more employment.
Again, only per capita income is not a satisfactory
factor to become a developed country. Better
quality of life should be ensured.
Some sections should be necessarily improved in this aspect like
(t) Improvement in health sector i.e. primary health,etc.
(iz) Improvement in education sector i.e. cent per cent literacy rate should be achieved.
Improvement in average income along with ensuring that high quality of life can only put India in the list of developed countries.

14. Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?

Ans. No, it does not depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities. It is community participation or public cooperation that are relevant in fulfilling these demands.

15. In Tamil Nadu, 75 per c_ent of the people living in rural
areas use a ration shop, whereas in Jharkhand only 8 per cent of rural people do so. Where would people be better off and why?

Ans. People are better off in Tamil Nadu because the ration shops are properly functioning and provide basic public assistance to rural people.

16.Study the data given below in the table and answer the
questions that follow

(1) Which state has the highest Infant Mortality Rate?
(ii) Why this state has the highest Infant Mortality Rate?

Give two reasons.
Ans. (i) Bihar has the highest Infant Mortality Rate.
(ii) This can be due to many reasons like poor healthcare facilities (few government hospitals or dispensaries in the rural areas), less education of the people, so that they are not able to care for their children properly and less availability of food at subsidised prices through the Public Distribution System (PDS), so that the nutritional level of children from poor families is low.

17. Study the table carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For this, you may need to make calculations based on the table.

(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is– for rural males and — for rural females. However, it is not just that
these many adults could not attend schools but that there are — who
are currently not in school.
(b) It is clear from the table that — of
rural girls and — of rural boys are not attending schools. Therefore,
illiteracy among children in the age group 10-14 is as high as — for
rural females and – for rural males.
(c) This high level of illiteracy among– age group, even after more than60 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also,we are nowhere near realisation of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children
up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.
(a) 76 %, 54 %, 15 % males and 18 %females
(b) 15 %, 18 %, 13 %, 10 %
(c) 10-14